The Association on American Indian Affairs (Norman grantee 1952–1964) was founded in 1922 to preserve Native culture and defend the rights of Indigenous peoples. By the 1950s, the Association faced one of the gravest threats yet: a federal termination policy…
The National Urban League (Norman grantee 1944–1959) was founded in 1910 to help African Americans migrating from the agricultural and rural South find jobs, housing, and economic opportunity in Northern cities. By the 1950s, the second wave of the Great Migration was…
When then-deputy director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund Jack Greenberg reflected on the organization’s funders in the early 1950s, he recalled that philanthropic support was scarce and modest. As he put it: “A big contribution was $100, and $1,000…
The National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students (NSSFNS, Norman grantee 1950–1975) was founded in 1947 by Felice Nierenberg Schwartz, a Smith College graduate who had briefly worked for the NAACP and was determined to address the near-total exclusion…